This might be as a end result of households with a number of cars can select among the many best cars, thereby sustaining their journey. Furthermore, possession of multiple cars could be seen as an indicator of wealth, suggesting that multiple-car households have lower BMW 7 Chauffeur Service London elasticities as they will more easily switch their non-travel budget for journey purposes. We first focus on socio-economic traits such as variety of automobile users, variety of individuals in the family, variety of kids, and earnings.
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These outcomes stand in contrast with the findings of Frondel et al. (2012) which conclude that there is no heterogeneity concerning earnings for German households. The outcomes reinforce the argument that larger earnings households react to gas price adjustments not by reducing VMT, but somewhat by rising their mobility budgets (cf. Zumkeller et al. 2005)—a luxury that lower earnings households cannot afford. Lower revenue households are pressured to change modes, leading to the next than common value elasticity (Wadud 2007; Wadud et al. 2010a). We also see from Desk 2 that the interplay terms of dimension of family, number of kids, and income in Columns 2, 3, and four are significant, too.